However, evidence indicates that the Egyptian pyramids could be between 200 and 1,200 years older, while other evidence suggests they may actually be more ancient. 

Part I: The Egyptian Pyramids  

The three pyramids of the Giza Plateau are named after the three pharaohs who are believed to have ordered them to be built: 

1. Pyramid of Khufu: the biggest pyramid, also known as the Great Pyramid of Giza. 
2. Pyramid of Khafre: the second biggest pyramid. 
3. Pyramid of Menkaure: the smallest of the three, also known as the Lesser Pyramid. 

Pyramid of Khufu 

Khufu was the second pharaoh of the 4th Dynasty of Egypt’s Old Kingdom. He ruled ancient Egypt for about 24 years, from 2589 to 2566 BC. The Great Pyramid, the largest building of the three, is thought to have been built by around 200,000 to 300,000 workers over a 20 year period that ended about 2560 BC.  

For thousands of years it was the tallest building in the world, standing at 146.5 meters, until the Lincoln Cathedral was in England was built in 1311.

Pyramid of Khafre  

The middle pyramid is named after the pharaoh Khafre, who was the son of Khufu. Khafre was the third pharaoh of the 4th Dynasty. The length and timeline of his rule over Egypt is disputed, though was possibly sometime between 2558 and 2532 BC.  

Although it looks slightly bigger than the Great Pyramid, Khafre is actually smaller but its foundation sits 10 meters higher than the larger pyramid.

Pyramid of Menkaure 

The pharaoh Menkaure was the grandson of Khufu and the son of Khafre. He is thought to be the fourth pharaoh of the 4th Dynasty of ancient Egypt, although the records from the Coptic priest Manetho identifies Menkaure as the successor to a pharaoh called Bikheris.  

Different sources give different lengths of time for Menkaure’s rulership; Greek historian Heredotus claimed he ruled for just 12 years, Manetho claimed he ruled for 63 years, whereas most Egyptologists believe his reign lasted 18 years. 

How Old are the Egyptian Pyramids?  

Before the development of modern techniques, Egyptologists originally referred to the King List written by Manetho, who lived sometime in the 3rd century BC. The list details the dates of rulership of Egypt’s first six dynasties, and claims they ruled for a total period of 1,478 years. 

However, the King List was passed down and altered over many generations by Christian, Jewish and other scholars, and so its reliability has been questioned. Different versions of the list exist with different dates for the same pharaohs.  

Then in 1820, Italian explorer Bernadino Drovetti discovered pieces of a papyrus called the Turin King List, or Turin Canon. This list is about a thousand years older than Manetho’s and claims the first six dynasties ruled for only 955 years.  

Although the Turin King List was found in tiny pieces, with more than two thirds of the whole document missing, it is used as the basis for our understanding of ancient Egyptian chronology up until the New Kingdom pharaoh Rameses II.  

Some scholars believe the author of the Turin King List was recording an estimated timeline rather, than it being based on fact (for example, there are three reigns in a row each lasting 24 years.) 

Was the Great Pyramid of Giza a Tomb? 

It is widely regarded as a fact that the pyramids were used as tombs for the pharaohs. However, evidence for this theory is surprisingly small. 

The sheer size and shape of the Giza pyramids is anomalous in comparison to the rest of the Egyptian mastabas, which were rectangular ‘pit and mound’ tombs. For hundreds of years, all mastabas before the three Giza pyramids were built in this rectangular format, and all tombs built after the Giza pyramids, such as those found in the Valley of Kings, also used the rectangular design.  

There are no inscriptions inside to indicate that the pharaohs had anything to do with the pyramids. Additionally, no remains of pharaohs have been found inside any of the pyramids (only of bodies being buried in them much later, such as a young woman buried in Menkaure around 100 BC.) Khufu had his mother buried in an unmarked grave that wasn’t discovered until 1925, probably so it wasn’t desecrated by grave robbers. Why do this and proceed to have himself buried in what was then the world’s tallest building? 

The enormous size of the pyramids would have been likely to attract the attention of potential grave robbers. It was very easy for intruders to enter the pyramid, because a rock covering the entrance apparently just “swivelled open.”  

In the Great Pyramid’s Ascending Passageway, it appears that the builders actually put in extra effort to allow intruders to enter the King’s Chamber. A stone counterweight was left there, thought to have been hung from wooden beams to raise the chamber’s stone portcullis easily; giving would-be intruders access to the room where the pharaoh was supposedly buried. 

Other Egyptian pyramids have been found with sealed sarcophagi that were empty inside, suggesting that they may not have served as tombs. According to Egyptologist J.P. Lepre:  

“The Third Dynasty Pharaoh Huni built a sizable pyramid at Maidum, but it did not contain a sarcophagus. Yet a quite large mastaba located 275 miles to the south at Bet Khallaf did in fact contain a granite sarcophagus, within which were the total skeletal remains of a large man. This mastaba contained the royal name of Huni.”  

Does Radiocarbon Dating of  the Egyptian Pyramids Agree?

Radiocarbon dating was pioneered in 1949 by Willard F. Libby, a professor from the University of Chicago, who actually invented the technique to examine ancient Egyptian structures. The process measures the presence of carbon-14(C14) in organic material. 

All living organisms are made of carbon. C14, an unstable radioactive carbon isotope, has a half life of 5,730 years (meaning it takes 5,730 years for its carbon content to be reduced by half.) When organisms die, C14 begins to disintegrate and because the half life is constant, it can be measured by scientists to determine an approximate date of when that organism was alive. 

Libby obtained some wood found in the 3rd Dynasty Step Pyramid, and estimated that its radioactivity should be half that of C14s original carbon level in accordance with the age that the pyramids were thought to be built. (Libby initially measured the half life of C14 as 5,568 years.)  

In 1984, and later in 1994 and 1995, prominent Egyptologist Mark Lehner and colleagues did further radiocarbon dating on organic material found at the Old Kingdom monuments, as well as material found at the Giza pyramids, which gave them a variety of dates. Analysing the temples and pyramids that had mud, grass, straw and reeds in their structure was a much easier way to obtain datable samples, whereas the stone pyramids presented a tougher challenge with the scarce availability of organic matter. 

Table: Radiocarbon samples obtained by Mark Lehner from the Great Pyramid 

There were some discrepancies between the ages of Khufu and Khafre in the 1994 and 1995 analyses, with Khufu, or the Great Pyramid, having a 400 year difference. So, why the big gap between dates?  

It is possible that the builders of the Giza pyramids reused material from older structures, accounting for a range of dates spanning hundreds of years. (It should be noted that the accepted dates for the 1stEgyptian Dynasty range from 3600 BC to 2900 BC – a considerable variation of 600 years.) 

Problems with Radiocarbon Dating 

The main issue with radiocarbon dating is that it is not an exact science, because the estimated level of C14 an organism is always an assumption; it is therefore not entirely reliable.  

Furthermore, the C14 level only indicates the age that a biological organism died, not when non-organic materials like stones were assembled. The samples taken from the Giza pyramids were extracted from their exterior surface. Some scholars believe the pyramids were built in stages, in which case carbon dating would only provide evidence of when living organisms died on the outermost layers of the buildings. 

Radiocarbon samples taken from the Great Pyramid showed a variation of dates. University of Boston Geologist Robert Schoch has suggested that this wide variety of chronological discrepancies only makes sense if the original Giza pyramids were later renovated. This would explain how later dated samples were found near the top of the pyramid, and it suggests that Khufu and Khafre weren’t the original builders – they just restored the pyramids. 

Given the oldest date of 3809 BC, there is a possibility that the Great Pyramid took as long as 248 years to build. Mark Lehner said: “In short, the carbon dates show, depending on which sample you take, that the [conventional] Egyptian chronology is between 200 to 1200 years off.” 

Part II: Other Dating Techniques 

Finding True North 

The Giza pyramids are 99.97% aligned to true north. 

To read more about this you can read this article: How the Pyramids of Giza were Built?

Where the sun rises is determined by the spin of the Earth’s axis, which is known as true north. True north and true south are found at the North Pole and the South Pole respectively, forming the axis that Earth rotates on. The Magnetic North Pole is measured by the Earth’s magnetic field, which is located on Ellesmere Island in Northern Canada, (500km from the North Pole.) 

The orientation of true north is actually not fixed, but changes as crust shifts occur and physically alter the Earth’s topographical makeup. These alterations of the Earth’s North and South Pole happen very slowly over ages of time. Architects define their orientation by a building’s alignment to true north, or for those in the southern hemisphere, true south. 

Engineer Mario Buildreps analysed 910 ancient structures such as pyramids and temples found over the globe. He discovered that all of them have a collective orientation around a central point in Greenland. According to these findings Greenland may have been originally the Earth’s geographical north pole.  

Magnetic poles may be displaced when Earth’s crust shifts occur during cataclysmic events.  

The Earth’s Shifting Axis 

The layout of these ancient monuments in both hemispheres is completely different, and the vast majority of them are all aligned to true north. The chance of this being a coincidence is zero.  

Image: The current and former positions of the North Pole and aligning structures throughout the world. Source

The odds of this cluster of structures being built to focus around the same point is 1 to 76 Billion. It also suggests a unified reason behind the building of pyramids found around the world. The shift in the North Pole’s position also explains why Greenland is still covered in ice; because not that long ago (in the Earth’s long existence) it was the coldest part of the world, much like the North and South Poles are today. 

According to Buildreps, this indicates that the pyramids are between 4,500 and 26,000 years old, placing them at the time of our current true North Pole’s beginning, before an earth shaking event caused the pole to shift again. 

Archeoastronomy of the Egyptian Pyramids  

Archeoastronomy is the study by archaeologists of how ancient cultures understood the phenomena of the sky. The relative size and location of the three Giza pyramids are thought to mirror the three stars of the constellation Orion’s Belt, and their size is thought to reflect the varying brightness of each of the stars. To the ancient Egyptians, Orion represented the Osiris, the god of the underworld. 

Image: The Giza pyramids appear to be aligned to the constellation of Orion’s Belt. Source

The north and south shafts found in the Queen’s Chamber of the Great Pyramid were discovered to be aligned to Ursa Minor and Sirius respectively. According to engineer and author Robert Bauval, an issue with this alignment is that it would place the building of the pyramids to circa 10,500 BC, when the shafts would have been precisely aligned to Ursa Minor and Sirius. This is known as the Orion Correlation Theory (OCT.) 

A statistical analysis of the Orion Correlation Theory was conducted by professor of maths and physics Dr. Vincenzo Orofino and professor of history Dr. Paolo Bernardini. They concluded:   

“The simplest version of the OCT… is compatible with what expected for the stars of the Orion Belt on the basis of naked-eye astrometry and photometry, as well as of the stellar evolution theory. Furthermore, it is unlikely that the above cited correlation can be fortuitous. Therefore, there are no astronomical /astrophysical and statistical arguments to reject the hypothesis that the main Giza pyramids would be the monumental reproduction on the ground of the Orion Belt.” 

Conclusion 

Today new techniques to analyse human history leads to new understanding of the age of ancient monuments. The Pyramids of Giza could be older than first thought.  

Examine the evidence and allow yourself to come to your own conclusions. There is still much to learn about the pyramids. You might just discover a piece of the puzzle that brings more clarity to this ancient mystery.  

When do you think the Egyptian Pyramids were built? 

Further Reading:  

https://www.environmentalscience.org/how-radiocarbon-14-dating-works 

https://journals.uair.arizona.edu/index.php/radiocarbon/article/viewFile/3874/3299 

https://www.labmate-online.com/news/news-and-views/5/breaking-news/how-accurate-is-carbon-dating/30144 

https://www.academia.edu/7715809/The_Great_Dating_Problem_Part_2_-_Radiocarbon_Dates_and_Early_Egypt 

https://docit.tips/download/ten-facts-that-contradict-the-pyramid-tomb-theory-egyptian_pdf 

https://gisgeography.com/magnetic-north-vs-geographic-true-pole/ 

https://ancientegyptonline.co.uk/pyramid-air-shafts/ 

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Vincenzo_Orofino 

The post The Giza Plateau | When Were the Egyptian Pyramids Built? appeared first on .

Join us, as we explore the ancient mystery; how were the Pyramids of Giza built? 

The 7 Wonders of the Ancient World 

The three pyramids at Giza are the largest of all the pyramids found in Egypt, but they were not the first or the last pyramids to be built in the region. Each pyramid is named after the Old Kingdom pharaohs that are believed to have commissioned them. They are: 

1. The Great Pyramid, or Pyramid of Khufu: built first and is the tallest and largest.  
2. Pyramid of Khafre: the middle sized pyramid, built second and is the next largest.  
3. Pyramid of Menkaure: the smallest, built last. 

Of the seven wonders of the ancient world, the Great Pyramid is the only one still standing. It is unique in that out of 35 pyramids that are built in the region, the Great Pyramid is the only one to have tunnels and vaults above ground as well as underground. The passageways running through the three pyramids are completely blank and lacking in any decoration, hieroglyphics, or inscriptions, apart from some graffiti or engravings left by later visitors.   

The official theory about the purpose of the pyramids is that they were tombs for the pharaohs. Although widely regarded as fact, there has never been sufficient evidence to prove this. 

Were the Pyramids Tombs? 

Beyond the inner architecture of the pyramids, little has been found in the way of artefacts or other remnants that could give us a clue about what went on inside. According to a report from 1818 in the Quarterly Review, the passages and chambers of the Great Pyramid take up 1/7,400th of the space inside, and “there might be three thousand seven hundred chambers, each equal in size to the sarcophagus chamber, [hidden] within.” 

It is thought that if any treasures were kept inside, they were ransacked by tomb raiders a long time ago. Strangely enough, in the case of Menkaure (the smallest pyramid), someone actually broke in and left a mummy there in 100BC, thousands of years after its construction. 

What is Inside the Pyramids? 

1. The Entrance

The entrance to the Great Pyramid is situated 17 meters above ground level, and this short, 1.2 meter high corridor forks off, down a descending passageway into the cavern-like ‘Subterranean Chamber’, and up an ascending passageway to the ‘Grand Gallery.’ 

Image: A look inside the Great Pyramid of Giza.

2. The Descending Passageway & the Subterranean Chamber 

After walking down the inclined descending passageway for about 30 meters, it levels out and leads to the subterranean chamber carved out of the limestone bedrock. It seems to be unfinished, and a passage behind the chamber leads to a dead end. One theory is that it was deliberately left unfinished to symbolise chaos and the underworld. 

The subterranean chamber was unlikely to have housed a sarcophagus because the passage leading to it is too narrow. The fact that the chamber has another passage leading out of it suggests that it was highly unlikely the pharaoh was intended to be buried here, as traditionally his burial always took place in the final room. 

3. Ascending Passageway 

The aboveground passages and chambers in the Great Pyramid were cleverly hidden with fake granite walls disguised as the corridor. The passage leads up for about 40 meters until reaching the ‘Grand Gallery,’ which connects directly to the ‘Queen’s Chamber.’ Further up the steeply inclined gallery is the ‘King’s Chamber.’ Sometime in the 7th century the Muslim ruler, Caliph al-Ma’mun, is recorded as having found the hidden passage up to the aboveground chambers. They found no sign of the pharaoh’s mummy. 

4. The Grand Gallery 

The Grand Gallery is 8.48 meters tall and 47 meters long, and contains some incredible marvels of architecture. A series of square holes run along the gallery floor, with corresponding adjacent holes on the walls, the purpose of which may have been to support wooden beams to build the roof. The acoustics of this room are known to have an incredible harmonic resonance when sound echoes off the walls. 

At one end of the Great Gallery is a 0.7 meter squared opening known as the “Escape Shaft” leading down to near the entrance of the Subterranean Chamber,which may have served as ventilation for the builders or a literal escape shaft in case of an accident. 

5. The Queen’s Chamber 

The Queen’s Chamber, or Middle Chamber, was named by Arab explorers and has nothing to with a queen.  It could have housed a life-size statue of the pharaoh or the pharaoh’s Ka (his astral body or soul.) There are two square 20x20cm shafts in the Queen’s Chamber, one in the north wall, which is in alignment with the star constellation that consists of Beta, Ursa, and Minoris, and another shaft on the southern wall is in alignment with the “dog star” Sirius.  

6. The Shafts 

German engineer Rudolph Ganten Brink sent a robot inside to explore the shafts, to discover that they end in limestone blocking, with a copper plug poking out of the southern shaft. The shafts don’t reach outside, so are unlikely to be airshafts.  

Two more similar shafts are found in the King’s Chamber which do reach outside, but they also may not have been air-shafts because the Egyptians would have been diligent about keeping birds away from the pharaoh’s body if he was buried here. One possibility is that they served as tunnels for the pharaoh’s soul to exit from after death. Whatever the case, these shafts took a considerable amount of work and a comprehensive understanding of friction to construct. 

7. The King’s Chamber 

The King’s Chamber is made from pink granite and is considered a masterpiece of architecture, with a ceiling made of nine blocks adding up to 400 tons to protect the room from the pressure of the pyramid’s weight. In the west wall is the sarcophagus, which is missing its 2 ton lid. If the Great Pyramid was not a tomb this sarcophagus may have served an entirely different purpose. 

What Materials were the Pyramids built from? 

The Great Pyramid is built from an estimated 2.3 million – 2.5 million stone blocks, and spans an area of 13.6 acres. Of these stones, around 144,000 were polished casing stones placed on the pyramid’s exterior, which would have originally given it a bright white exterior. The stones consist of 60% limestone blocks and the rest are pink granite. The stones are so accurately placed together that you can’t poke a razor blade between them. 

The stones for the inner parts of the pyramid were quarried nearby in Giza, but the pink granite used for the King’s Chamber came from 427 miles away in the Aswan quarry. This may have been made possible at the time of construction by the builders diverting the Nile River so they could deliver stones to the site on boats. 

How long did it take to build the Pyramids? 

The Greek Historian Herodotus said that it took 100,000 workers to complete the pyramid, while modern Egyptologists believe it was more likely double or triple that number. The builders were not slaves but skilled craftsmen, volunteers and conscripted workers. It would have taken 20 men approximately 20 minutes to drag one stone from the quarry to the site, equating to 340 stones moved per day.

To read more on the dating of ancient Egypt here’s an article discussing: The Riddle of the Sphinx.

5 Problems with the Theory of How the Pyramids were Built

Problem 1: Copper Doesn’t Cut Granite

The theory put forward by many Egyptologists is that the cutting of the limestone and granite stones was done with copper tools. However, as stone experts have pointed out, granite is too hard to be penetrated by copper, which is comparable to “saying that aluminium could be cut using a chisel fashioned out of butter.” The Moh hardness test determines a mineral’s resistance to being scratched, and granite has a Moh hardness of 6-8. Copper, in comparison, has an Moh hardness of just 3. 

Craftsman Franz Löhner suggests that the Egyptians could have used wrought iron, which has a Moh hardness of 7-8. Wrought iron wedges could have been placed into strategically chiselled holes in the rock, pounded on with a hammer to split the rock along the “cleavage plane,” which would have resulted in smooth and even stone surfaces. However, this still does not explain the extremely high quality of some of the smooth, rounded and perfectly level surfaces at various places throughout Giza. 

Problem 2: The Precision the Stones Were Cut With 

Engineer Christopher Dunn argues that the precision the granite stones were cut with must have been done with more advanced technology than the ancient Egyptians are generally credited with possessing.  

For example, Dunn measured every surface of the sarcophagus found in the King’s Chamber and found that they were all perfectly flat. He said: “It would be impossible to do this kind of work on the inside of an object by hand. Even with modern machinery it would be a very difficult and complicated task!” 

Image: Saw-like cuts, rounded contours and precision edges found near the pyramids.

Problem 3: The Unusual Composition of the Blocks 

Another possibility is that the stones were actually cast using a kind of limestone concrete. Professor Michael Barsoum analysed some of the Giza stones under a microscope and ran other tests to discover that the structure of these stones was reconstituted and the atoms were rearranged, which is unusual for naturally occurring limestone.  

The limestone was mixed with another material (either silicon dioxide or a similar silica-based material), having considerable water content, and contained nanoparticles that prove the limestone could not be natural.  

Problem 4: We Still don’t Know How the Stones Were Lifted  

Using limestone concrete blocks would help to explain how the pyramid was built vertically; stones would have been cast on the ramp, rather than being dragged all the way up, saving much time and energy. This would also explain the uniformity of the bricks and how they were able to be so tightly fitted next to each other. 

How the stones were raised into place is another mystery. Various theories, including the use of ramps, a system of ropes and pulleys, a man powered elevator, kites, and even levitation have been put forward.  

The use of ramps is unlikely for several reasons. A long straight ramp would have eventually taken up more volume than the pyramid itself (and been over a kilometre long at its apex). A ramp would have to have at least partially been built from stone to support the immense weight of the building blocks being transported on it. A ramp that wrapped around the pyramid would have the problem of the workmen needing to drag stones around corners. 

Another theory is that the stones were pulled directly up the faces of the pyramids using sledges made of wood. This is a possibility, although no traces of pulleys, cranes, or some of the other techniques have ever been found; they may have eroded in the proceeding centuries.  

Problem 5: Cardinal and Astronomical Alignments 

Another big mystery is the larger engineering feats of the pyramids of Giza. The pyramids are locked directly to true north. True north is measured by the location of the North Pole. The precision of the pyramids is unmatched (even today!). 

For example, the pyramids are almost perfectly aligned to the true north, being misaligned by only 3 arc minutes (an arc minute is 1/60 of one degree.) That’s less than a 0.06% inaccuracy. In comparison, the Paris Observatory is the modern building most accurately aligned to true north, and is misaligned by 6 arc minutes.  

How did the Egyptians know where true north could be located, and then build the three pyramids to be almost perfectly aligned to it? Engineer Glen Dash conducted an experiment that may provide an explanation.  

In Connecticut in the US, on the day of the autumn equinox in 2016, Dash placed a rod in the ground which cast a shadow over the course of the day that nearly perfectly aligned to east-west. This technique may have been employed by the pyramid builders.  

Technical Ingenuity & Mathematical Precision 

The Giza Pyramids are aligned with an impressive mathematical precision. The foundation of the Great Pyramid is levelled to an accuracy of within half a square inch; by the standards of modern technology this was impossible to achieve until recent decades with the use of lasers. With the inclusion of the now absent capstone, the Great Pyramid would have been 146.59 meters tall; it’s now 138.75 meters tall. The average lengths of its edges are approximately 230 meters.  

The Pyramids, Pi & Phi 

Pi (π = 3.14159265358979…) is the measurement of a circumference of a circle to its diameter. If you divide a circle by its diameter, no matter what the size of the circle is you will always get a measurement close to 3.14. If you take the Great Pyramid’s perimeter (230.36m x 230.36m) and divide it by its original height (146.51m), the resulting number is very close to pi (it’s off by about 0.03%.) 

Length + Width ÷ Original Height = [close to] Pi 

230.3678 + 230.3678 ÷ 146.514 = 3.14464  

Phi (Φ = 1.618033988749895…) a.k.a. the “golden ratio,” or “Fibonacci sequence,” is a number with strange mathematical properties that is found throughout nature, such as in the formation of branches of some trees. Phi can also be found in the Great Pyramid’s structure. By dividing the surface area of the pyramid’s four sides by the area of its base, the number is startlingly close to Phi. 

Surface area of the pyramid’s Four Sides ÷Base Area = [close to] Phi 

85890.69 square meters ÷ 53065.73 square meters = 1,618571 meters 

It has been pointed out that the meter was not invented until much later, in 1799, although it is possible the Egyptians used “integer approximations that achieved the same relationships and results in the design.” Regardless of the intentions of the builders, the result is an incredibly high degree of accuracy in accordance with pi and the phi ratio.  

The Earth and Moon’s diameters can be found in the pyramid’s dimensions. When the Earth is drawn with an equal width of the Great Pyramid, and the moon is placed directly above the Earth, the Pyramid’s apex points exactly to the moon’s centre. This leaves room for two Pythagorean triangles on either side.  

The perfect right angles of the pyramid are Pythagorean triangles. The Pythagorean Theorem (a2 + b2 = c2) dictates that a right angled triangle’s hypotenuse (the side of the triangle opposite the right angle) is equal to the lengths of the right angled sides squared. The theorem was named after the Greek mathematician Pythagoras who wasn’t born until many centuries after the pyramids were built.   

Did the builder’s knowledge of the Pythagorean triangle come from their understanding of the dimensions of the Earth and moon, and did they intentionally encode this knowledge into the pyramids? 

Could we build the Pyramids today? 

To recreate the pyramids today out of granite and limestone blocks would cost billions of dollars but could likely be achieved in much less time than the pyramids were estimated to have been built (over a 20 year period.) One article points out that the concrete to do this job by itself would rack up a bill of $125 million USD.  

However, we still don’t completely understand the methods used, the intention of the buildings, or if there are any undiscovered chambers inside. While we could surely do an excellent job of creating a modern day copy, the unknown elements of the pyramids mean that any recreation wouldn’t be truly faithful to the original, (at least not yet.) 

As more details about the pyramids come to light, we can make better informed theories about how they were built. For the time being, the pyramids of Giza remain ones of the world’s most fascinating mysteries.  

Now it’s up to you. How do you think the Pyramids of Giza were built? Leave your thoughts in the comment section below.  

Further Reading:  

1. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/inside-the-great-pyramid-75164298/ 
2. http://www.cheops.org/startpage/themystery/mystery.htm 
3. https://www.ancientegyptonline.co.uk/khafre-pyramid.html 
4. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/who-built-the-pyramids/ 
5. https://www.thestructuralengineer.info/news-center/news/item/185-did-the-great-pyramid-have-an-elevetor 
6. https://www.cheops-pyramide.ch/khufu-pyramid/stone-cutting.html 
7. https://www.livescience.com/1554-surprising-truth-great-pyramids-built.html 
8. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/what-is-pi-and-how-did-it-originate/ 
9. https://www.goldennumber.net/phi-pi-great-pyramid-egypt/ 
10. https://www.livescience.com/61799-great-pyramid-near-perfect-alignment.html 

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